Mechanical, chemical and antimicrobial properties of a bisphenol A-free pit-and-fissure sealant .

 

Soraia Monique Fiorati-Aguiar, dds, msc, phd,  Marília Pacífico Lucisano, dds, msc, phd, Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva, dds, msc, phd,  Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva, dds, msc, phd, Augusto César Cropanese Spadaro, msc, phd,  Maria Cristina Borsatto, dds, msc, phd &  Paulo Nelson-Filho, dds, msc, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate, in vitro, mechanical, chemical and antimicrobial properties of Embrace Wetbond bisphenol A (BPA)-free pit-and-fissure sealant. Methods: For the shear bond strength and microleakage tests, 135 healthy third molars were randomly divided into six groups, according to sealant [Fluroshield (FS) and Embrace Wetbond (EWB)] and contamination conditions (no contamination, contamination with saliva and contamination with water). In addition, EWB sealant was subjected to the following analyses: fluoride release using direct potentiometry, antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion method and quantification of BPA using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Tukey’s post-test, Dunn’s post-test and Bonferroni post-test (α= 0.05). Results: For shear bond strength, there was a statistically significant difference among the groups (P< 0.05), and FS presented the best results. Analysis of the microleakage results showed statistically significant differences among the groups (P< 0.05), except for EWB non-contaminated, contaminated with saliva, and contaminated with water (P> 0.05). FS without contamination presented the lowest microleakage of all groups (P< 0.05), followed by FS contaminated with saliva, and three groups in which EWB was used under different conditions. FS contaminated with water presented the highest microleakage (P< 0.05). EWB showed higher fluoride release in water and artificial saliva on the first day (P< 0.05). EWB had greater antimicrobial activity than FS. BPA and Bis-GMA were not detected in EWB. When used according to the manufacturer’s instructions (i.e., under conditions of moisture contamination), EWB showed high fluoride release, high antimicrobial activity, no release of BPA or Bis-GMA and shear bond strength close to the minimum acceptable value. However, this sealant presented statistically significantly more microleakage than the other tested materials. (Am J Dent 2018;31:279-284).

 

 

 

 

Mail: Prof. Dr. Paulo Nelson-Filho, Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Email: nelson@forp.usp.br

 

 

 

Effect of whitening mouthrinses on enamel toothbrush abrasion

 

Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, dds, phd,  Gabrielle Costa Bonicio, Érica Crastechini, dds, msc, Mariane Cintra Mailart, dds, msc  &  Alessandra Bühler Borges, dds, msc, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the effect of whitening mouthrinses used before toothbrushing on enamel microhardness and wear. Methods: 80 polished bovine enamel specimens were randomly assigned into four groups according to the mouthrinses tested (n=20): PW: Plax Whitening - 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP); LW: Listerine Whitening Pre-Brush Rinse - 2% HP; U: Ultradex - Chlorine dioxide; C: Control - Artificial saliva. The specimens were immersed in the mouthrinses for 1 minute and brushed with 10 strokes, using a dentifrice containing sodium fluoride. After treatments, they were immersed in artificial saliva for 30 minutes. A total of 540 cycles were performed simulating 9 months of use. Enamel surface was assessed with a Knoop microhardness tester and by a contact profilometer before and after treatments to obtain the surface microhardness (KHN) and enamel loss (μm) values. The specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for an additional 30 days and microhardness was measured again. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (5%). Results: Significant differences were observed in KHN (P= 0.0001) and wear (P= 0.0001). Results of Tukey’s for KHN: U-320.08±13.86a, PW-323.58±32.75a, LW-331.66±24.74a, C-354.24±16.40b. Wear (µm): PW-10.03±0.94a, LW-9.92±0.81a, U-8.88±1.02b, C-6.56±0.91c. Groups followed by the same letters do not present significant differences. After 30 days in saliva, there was no significant difference for SMH among the groups. (Am J Dent 2018;31:285-289).

 

 

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Alessandra Bühler Borges, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas, São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil.  E-mail: alessandra.buhler@unesp.br

 

 

 

 

Profile of high-fluoride toothpastes combined or not with functionalized tri-calcium phosphate on root dentin caries control: An in vitro study

 

Marilia Mattar de Amoêdo Campos Velo, dds, ms, phd, Ana Carolina Magalhães, dds, ms, phd, Aymee Shiota,  Ana  Laura  Herrera  Farha,  Larissa  Tercilia  Grizzo,  Heitor  Marques  Honório, dds, ms, phd &  Linda Wang, dds, ms, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: This in vitro study was conducted in two regimens hypothesizing that high-fluoride (F) toothpaste (5,000 µg F/g) with or without functionalized tri-calcium phosphate (f TCP) would provide additional protection against (1) root caries development and (2) progression. For both regimens, bovine root dentin specimens were used. Methods: In regimen 1, 60 specimens were subjected daily to alternate immersions between demineralizing and remineralizing solutions for 7 days. The specimens were randomly distributed into four treatment groups (n=15): non-F toothpaste; Colgate Total 12 (CT) (1,450 µg F/g); Colgate Prevident (CP) (5,000 µg F/g); and Clinpro 5000 (CL) (5,000 µg F/g) associated with (f TCP), and treated with toothpastes/water slurries (1: 3 w/w) (5 minutes), twice a day. In regimen 2, the efficacy of the toothpastes to inhibit the progression of the developed lesions was assessed, using the previously described pH-cycling model without additional treatment. The response variables were based on the percentage of surface hardness change (ΔSH), cross-sectional hardness (ΔCSH), mineral content/lesion depth by transversal microradiography (TMR) and the alkali-soluble F uptake. Results: Both high-F toothpastes reduced initial dentin demineralization and increased the F uptake compared to non-F and conventional toothpastes (P< 0.05). In terms of caries lesion progression, all tested toothpastes were able to promote this protection. (Am J Dent 2018;31:290-296).

 

 

 

 

Mail: Prof. Dr. Linda Wang, Al. Dr Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75 Vila Universitária, Bauru, SP, Brazil, CEP: 17012-901.  E-*: wang.linda@usp.br

 

 

A randomized, controlled comparison of two professional dentin desensitizing agents immediately post-treatment and 2 months post-treatment.

 

Chad J. Anderson, ms, dmd, Gerard Kugel, dmd, ms, phd  &  Robert Gerlach, dds, mph

 

Abstract: Purpose: To compare the desensitizing effects of two different marketed professional dentin hypersensitivity treatments, a 5% sodium fluoride varnish and an oxalic acid/potassium salt solution, in a single-center, randomized, controlled, subject-blind pilot study. Methods: A total of 22 subjects with dentin hypersensitivity on at least two teeth were recruited from a general dentistry practice and randomized 1:1 to treatment with a 5% sodium fluoride varnish (Acclean Fluoride Varnish) group or a 3% oxalic acid/potassium salt solution (Super Seal Desensitizer). The study population was predominantly female (91%) and Caucasian (77%). The mean age was 46.4 years, with ages ranging from 18-73 years. Dentin hypersensitivity was assessed after an air blast challenge by the examiner (Schiff Index Sensitivity Scale) and by the subject [Visual Analog Scale (VAS)] for each tooth tested. Hypersensitivity was assessed immediately post-treatment and at 2 months post-treatment. Results: For the sodium fluoride varnish group, the mean Schiff score decreased 61% from baseline immediately post-treatment (P= 0.0006) and 41% at Month 2 (P= 0.0069). For the oxalic acid/potassium salt solution group, the mean Schiff score decreased 33% from baseline immediately post-treatment (P= 0.0305) and 29% at Month 2. Similarly, the mean VAS scores in the sodium fluoride varnish group decreased 41% from baseline immediately post-treatment (P= 0.0030) and 34% at Month 2 (P= 0.0275). The mean VAS scores in the oxalic acid/potassium salt solution group decreased 35% from baseline immediately post-treatment (P= 0.0168) and 33% at Month 2 (P= 0.0283). An analysis of covariance found no statistically significant between-group differences in mean Schiff scores or VAS scores immediately post-treatment or at Month 2. Both treatments were well tolerated. There were no reported adverse events in either treatment group. (Am J Dent 2018;31:297-302).

 

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Chad J. Anderson, Anderson Dental, 9497 N. Fort Washington Rd., Suite 106, Fresno, CA 93730, USA. E-mail: chadjanderson@sbcglobal.net

 

 

Effect of whitening toothpastes on wear and roughness of ormocer and methacrylate-based composites

 

Marina Gullo Augusto, dds, ms, Alessandra Bühler Borges, dds, ms, phd, César Rogério Pucci, dds, ms, phd, Mariane Cintra Mailart, dds, ms  &  Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, dds, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the effects of whitening toothpastes over the wear and surface roughness of ormocer and methacrylate composites. Methods: Cylindrical specimens (n=120) were prepared using methacrylate-based composites (Filtek Z350 XT, TPH3 and GrandioSO) and a pure-ormocer composite (Admira Fusion). Brushing abrasion (100,000 strokes) was performed using whitening toothpastes containing different abrasives: alumina (Colgate Ultrawhite), perlite (CloseUp Whitening) and sodium bicarbonate (Kin Progressive Whitening). Wear and roughness alteration were evaluated. Additional analyses of microhardness, degree of conversion and scanning electron microscopy were also performed. Results: Data were separately analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests. Statistically significant differences were found for the composites and whitening toothpastes (P<0.05). For all toothpastes, GrandioSO showed lower wear than Z350 XT and Admira Fusion, although non-significant differences in relation to TPH3 were observed. For perlite and bicarbonate-based toothpastes, Z350 XT, Admira Fusion and TPH3 did not present significant differences among them for wear. For alumina-based toothpaste, Z350 XT showed higher wear than TPH3, while Admira Fusion showed intermediate values. Higher wear and roughness alteration were observed after using alumina-containing toothpaste. All composites tested showed increased roughness after brushing. Z350 XT presented the lowest roughness alteration, while Admira Fusion the highest. (Am J Dent 2018;31:303-308).

 

 

Mail: Dr. Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Av. Eng. Francisco José Longo 777, Jd. São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil, 12245-000. E-mail: carlos.rg.torres@unesp.br

 

 

Efficacy of stabilized chlorine dioxide-based unflavored mouthwash in reducing oral malodor: An 8-week randomized controlled study

 

Sean Lee, dds, Montry Suprono, dds, msd, Joni Stephens, rdh, eds, Shelly Withers, rdh, ms  &  Yiming Li, dds, ms, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of a mouthwash containing stabilized chlorine dioxide in reducing oral malodor when used as an adjunct to tooth brushing compared with the use of a placebo mouthwash. Methods: This 8-week study in healthy subjects with clinically diagnosed intrinsic oral malodor was a 2-way crossover, double-blind, randomized, and controlled trial design, which was conducted at a single site. Subjects were randomized to receive either unflavored, non-fluoridated, and alcohol-free mouthwash containing 0.1% stabilized chlorine dioxide or a placebo mouthwash with identical bottle packaging. Both groups were provided with the same toothpaste and toothbrush. Subjects consented to the 8-week participation and were instructed to use their allocated treatment twice daily. In Phase I, quantified odor intensity [measured by an organoleptic intensity rating scale of 0-5, with 0=malodor cannot be detected and 5=very strong malodor] was independently evaluated by three calibrated judges at baseline, and after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of treatment. Following a 2-week washout period, Phase II initiated with the redistribution of test products. The subjects’ organoleptic scores were assessed by the calibrated judges at baseline, and 6, 7, and 8 weeks of treatment. Results: A total of 50 subjects were enrolled and randomized into the two groups. Of these, 47 subjects completed the study. The baseline organoleptic intensity scores for both groups during Phase I and Phase II were not significantly different (P= 0.224, P= 0.071, respectively). At all visits, the organoleptic scores for the placebo rinse group during both Phase I and Phase II were not significantly different. During Phase I, the mean of individual organoleptic change scores from the stabilized chlorine dioxide rinse group were significantly different from the baseline at the last two follow-up visits: Week 1 (P= 0.088), Week 2 (P= 0.001), Week 3 (P= 0.1×10^-3). During Phase II, the mean of individual organoleptic change scores from the stabilized chlorine dioxide rinse group were also significantly different from the baseline at the last two follow-up visits: Week 6 (P= 0.120), Week 7 (P= 0.004), Week 8 (P= 0.002). (Am J Dent 2018;31:309-312).

 

 

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Sean Lee, Center for Dental Research, Loma Linda University, School of Dentistry, Chan Shun Pavilion, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. E-mail: seanlee@llu.edu

 

 

Effects of carbonated beverages on resin composite stability

 

Gustavo Frainer Barbosa, dds, ms, phd  &  Marielle Braff Cardoso, bds

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the effect of four distinct carbonated beverages on the color stability of two resin composites, microhybrid and nanofilled, from the same manufacturer but with different inorganic filler compositions and different finishing and polishing methods. Methods: A total of 150 specimens were prepared in microhybrid (n= 75) and nanofilled (n= 75) resin composites, with the color shade A2E. The samples, subdivided into groups (n = 25), underwent different surface treatments: G1, a sequence of sandpaper discs; G2, universal polishing paste; and G3, disc sequence, and polishing paste. Subsequently, the samples were immersed in five solutions: Coca-Cola, Fanta Orange Soda, Guaraná Antarctica, Sprite, and distilled water (as the control group) (n= 5). Photographic images were taken at four times: baseline and after immersion for 7, 15, and 30 days. Color change was calculated with computerized image analysis using the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) L* a* b* values. Color change variations by time, beverage type, and polishing were calculated by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test for differentiation (P≤ 0.05). Student’s t-test was used for differentiation of inorganic loads (P≤ 0.05). Color variation was significant at Day 30 when compared to Day 7 (P= 0.000) and Day 15 (P= 0.004). Results: There was no significant difference between the finishing and polishing methods. When compared to other soft drinks, Guaraná presented statistical significance. There was no significance between nanofilled and microhybrid resins (P= 0.239). Soft drink type and immersion time influenced the color stability of resin composites. Inorganic fillers, as well as finishing and polishing methods, did not influence color change. (Am J Dent 2018;31:313-316).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Gustavo Frainer Barbosa, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - Torres (ULBRA-TORRES), Rua. José Antônio Picoral 370/301,Centro, Torres, RS, 95560-000 Brazil.  E-mail: gfraibar@yahoo.com.br

 

Silver diamine fluoride and bond strength to enamel in vitro: A pilot study .

 

Katie J. Camacho, dds, msd,  Jeryl D. English, dds, ms,  Helder B. Jacob, dds, ms, phd,   Lacey M. Harris, dmd, msd,  F. Kurtis Kasper, phd,  Harry I. Bussa, dds, ms  &  Ryan L. Quock, dds

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate if pre-treatment with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) adversely affects the bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel. Methods: 30 extracted non-carious permanent molar teeth were embedded in acrylic resin cylinders with buccal surfaces exposed and randomly divided equally into two groups. The experimental enamel surfaces were treated with 38% SDF applied for 1 minute between phosphoric acid etch and metal orthodontic bracket bonding with Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive. Control groups were treated with 37% phosphoric acid etch followed by bonding. All samples were subjected to 500 thermocycles between 5°C and 55°C prior to shear load testing. Mean values and standard deviations of shear bond strengths for each group were analyzed using a general linear model at P< 0.05. Characteristics of bond failure were also recorded via Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) and analyzed using an ordinal logistic regression at P< 0.05. Results: No significant difference in shear bond strength to enamel was observed between the control and experimental groups (P= 0.65). Comparison of ARI did demonstrate a significant difference between the groups (P= 0.013); SDF significantly altered the characteristic of bond failure, resulting in more adhesive remaining bonded to enamel after failure. No silver staining of treated surfaces was observed. (Am J Dent 2018;31:317-319).

 

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Ryan Quock, Department of Restorative Dentistry & Prosthodontics, University of Texas School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge, Houston, TX  77054, USA. E-mail: Ryan.Quock@uth.tmc.edu

 

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                                                                                                                                   Review Article

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Factors influencing success of radiant exposure in light-curing posterior dental composite in the clinical setting.

 

Haifa Maktabi, bds, msc,  Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, bds, msd,  Qoot Alkhubaizi, bsc, bchd, mfdrcs, msc, Howard Strassler, dmd  &  Mary Anne S. Melo, dds, msc, phd

 

Abstract: Purposes: (1) To conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on factors influencing the radiant exposure of resin-based composite (RBC) restorations and (2) To fully understand the appropriate way of using the light curing units (LCUs) to perform restorations with optimal mechanical/physical properties. Methods: A PubMed search identified recent publications in English that addressed the factors affecting the longevity of the RBC restorations and the optimal usage of LCUs. Results: RBCs require light-induced polymerization of methacrylate monomers present in its composition to reach acceptable mechanical and physical properties. Complete polymerization of the RBC is never reached, and the maximum degree of conversion (DC) varies from 40 to 80%. The amount of radiant exposure (Joules/cm²) required for the commencement of polymerization becomes a core driver for the quality of the RBCs. Insufficient radiant exposure may lead to low strength behavior and susceptibility to degradation, thereby shortening the lifespan of restorations inside the mouth. This suggests that there are factors affecting the radiant exposure during clinical procedures; these factors can be categorized as material-related, LCU-related and operator-related factors. (Am J Dent 2018;31:320-328).

 

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Mary Anne S. Melo, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.  E-mail:  mmelo@umaryland.edu